1. - INTRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTION: The farming sector plays an important role within the economic activity of the country, its participation on the GIP is of the order of 9% and according to Conveagro it occupies the 30,5% of the national PEA and produces 70% of the foods that we consumed. Its evolution has been throughout completes good decade in relation to the global GIP even though has had to face the attacks of the nature like are the floods and the Phenomenon of the Boy who struck two hard blows to the sector in 1993 and in 1998 as well as the fall in the agricultural commodities object of foreign trade. The country is favored by its climatic conditions because it counts on one declares and varied biodiversity or megadiversidad as usually they demand the understood ones. In the country 24 climates and 84 zones of life exist on a total of 104 that exist in the planet. That is to say, to cross the Peruvian territory one can identify climates of the world most of. These characteristics are important so that they give rise to a biological diversity that interact and are a natural source of comparative advantages. According to the 1993 census the agricultural surface borders the 5 476 977 hectares that are equivalent to 16% of the total of the surface. Peru one of the twelve considered countries of megadiversidad. Of 104 zones of life, Peru has 84 Of 32 types of climate, Peru has 28 Account with 25 000 species of plants (10% of the world-wide total) 30% of which they are endemic (only finds in the country). Account with 4 400 vegetal species of properties well-known and used by the population and first in domesticated species native (182 species) It is the country with the greater number of species of orquídeas and has greatest of the palmeta, that arrives at 13 meters of height and it is in Huachucolpa (Huancavelica). Account with 2 000 species of fish (10% of the world-wide total) 1816 species of birds 379 species of amphibians 462 species of mammals Account with a highest diversity of genetic resources It is the first country in variety of Pope (3000 species)

• Of Maize (3 ecotipos) • Tiene a high seat of honor in diversity of fruits (623 species) • In Flat medicinal (1408 species) • In ornamentales plants (1 600 species) It has 182 species of domestic native plants with hundreds of varieties 2. - CULTURES OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE: The chain concept talks about to a product or a product group joint or related by the use. The identified chain allows to locate the companies, the institutions, the operations, the dimensions and capacities of negotiation, the technologies and the relations of production, the paper of the volumes and the relations of being able in the determination of the prices, etc. “. (Malassis1992) “The chain is a articulated set of integrated economic activities; integration consequence of joints in market terms, technology and capital”. (Chevalier and Toledano 1978). “More indeed it is understood by chain of production to the set of economic agents who participate directly in the production, later in the transformation and transfer until the market of accomplishment of a same farming product”. (Duruflé, Fabre and Yung). “We understand by chain the set of activities closely interrelated, vertically tie by its property to a same product and whose purpose is to satisfy the consumer”. (Montiguad 1992). Chains of production ” commercialization” consumption in the agricultural sector The group of processes in the agricultural production of some product, involves a set of agents: financiers, suppliers of insumos, agriculturists, retailers, etc. In order to be able to include/understand the route of each product he is needed the understanding and the description of the chain that includes all the processes from the supplying, the production, the commercialization, the consumption and the financing. This way the points will be able to be detected and to improve and I connect weak of the chain. The diagram illustrates the route that makes a productive chain. These chains at least will be ordered, and hopefully efficient, when they are integrated to logistic a complete one that it guarantees fluidity to him, through routes of transport, centers of storage, conservation and distribution. Working the integral chain from the field to the table for nutritional products, or from the field to the user for products with industrial aims, the points will be able to be known weakest and to improve the total efficiency. Also it will allow to know crucial activities for the land, but that are located in other sectors. Or if the chain extends the food consumer, the nutricionales consequences will be able to be incorporated Arabic to English BETA Chinese (Simplified) to English BETA English to Arabic BETA English to Chinese (Simplified) BETA English to French English to German English to Italian English to Japanese BETA English to Korean BETA English to Portuguese English to Russian BETA English to Spanish French to English French to German German to English German to French Italian to English Japanese to English BETA Korean to English BETA Portuguese to English Russian to English BETA Spanish to English

 

3. - THE ARTICHOKE: 3.1. - ORIGIN The news of this plant are had from the Antiquity, although is thought that the information on the same one are referred the wild thistle (Cynara cardunculus L.), of which derive the present ones you will cultivate. One is an original plant of North Africa and Sur of Europe. During the Roman time it is spoken of her as it plants cultivated, and throughout the centuries they are cultivated the local varieties, that are the base of you will cultivate them present. In Al-Andalus the first year was cultivated vegetative the artichoke from seed, propagating it in successive years. The obtaining of easily reproducibles superior individuals by vegetative multiplication, would have developed east type of multiplication in more recent periods. 3.1 - TAXONOMY AND MORPHOLOGY - Family: Compositae. - Species: Cynara scolymus, L. - It plants: Plant vivaz, that can be considered like biennial and triannual, conserving itself like vivaz in cultures very left and with remarkable decrease of the production. , Channeled longitudinally and graft raised, heavy stems, with more of a meter of height. - System to radicular: Extraordinarily powerful, that allows him to adapt to an extensive ground range. It is inserted in rizoma very developed, in which the nutritional reserves are accumulated that the plant elaborates. - Leaves: Long, pubescentes, great of 0.9 to a meter of clear green color and superficially cottony underneath. The central nerves are very noticeable and the limb divided in lateral, sometimes very deep lobes in the basal leaves and much less sunk in stem leaves. - Flowers: Very heavy terminals, covered by membranosas grudges overlapped and fleshy in the base constituting the eatable part. - Fruit: He is aquenio provided with vilano, of oblong form and grayish color, that are considered as the seed of the plant, weighing the liter of 600 to 610 grams and lasting of six to twelve years their germinativa faculty. Arabic to English BETA Chinese (Simplified) to English BETA English to Arabic BETA English to Chinese (Simplified) BETA English to French English to German English to Italian English to Japanese BETA English to Korean BETA English to Portuguese English to Russian BETA English to Spanish French to English French to German German to English German to French Italian to English Japanese to English BETA Korean to English BETA Portuguese to English Russian to English BETA Spanish to English

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

3.3. - VARIETIES OF ARTICHOKES THAT CULTIVATE THEMSELVES: The species are perennial, compatible car. The plants can or not have thorns and vary in form and color two general types are distinguished, Italian and the French both of green color. The Italian type because it is of greater yield and but easy empacado the Italian artichoke is of extreme commercial value in the U.S.A. That frequently it is called “Round green”. It has a green color and their cogollos are so that they go of globular to conical. The produced ones in the summer have to being long and the produced ones under fried of the winter are but round. You will cultivate Targets (Small head of clear green color) can be mentioned: getafe - it produces small head of so large means and average quality Blanca Tudela - productive and precocious Callosina - small head presents/displays a certain tendency to open itself Madrilenian of small head something squashed. Delayed average production Thickness of Leon or Paris - it plants vigorous. Fleshy small heads and of delayed production Thickness of Great Britain, produces great, early fruits and something flattened Aranjuez, Spanish Spanish Monquillina- Green Globe. - the U.S.A. without thorns Imperial Star- the U.S.A. without thorns Emerald. - the U.S.A. without thorns Spanish A-106 without thorns A. - 107 Spanish without thorns ZAA-101 Israel without thorns Spanish A-101 Spanish AR-9903- Talpiot- Israel Catanese - Italian Sanpedrino- Argentina Gallego. - Argentina Argentina gringo Tiernito. - Argentina Sardinian espinoza. - Italy with thorns You will cultivate Violets, Can be mentioned Violet of proovercomes, without thorns Spanish Early violet Violet Tosacana, Italy with thorn Romanesco, Italy without thorns Long Violet De Cicilia- Italy without thorns Caribou. - French without thorns Camery, French without thorn Cpa - 2 French without thorns I magnify. - the U.S.A. without thorns Arabic to English BETA Chinese (Simplified) to English BETA English to Arabic BETA English to Chinese (Simplified) BETA English to French English to German English to Italian English to Japanese BETA English to Korean BETA English to Portuguese English to Russian BETA English to Spanish French to English French to German German to English German to French Italian to English Japanese to English BETA Korean to English BETA Portuguese to English Russian to English BETA Spanish to English

 

3.4. - PLAGUES AND DISEASES: 3.4.1. - Plagues Other larvae of lepidopteros like (Prodemia sp) and the gray worms exist (Agrotis sp.), that respectively eat the leaves and necks of the plants. Clorpirifos, triclorfón, metomilo, poisoned lambda-cihalotrina, as well as baits are fought by means of pulverizations with. Dining rooms of leaf (Pseudoplusia sp, Copitarsia, Heliothis sp) cause damages to the leaves. These plagues tam attacks well I capitulate because when its presence notices, demonstrates the presence of galleries and larvae in the chapters, affecting bracteas of the heart. ALSO the Minoadora Fly (lyriomiza cuadrata) forms quadrangular galleries in the leaves of the artichoke Franquinella sp (Trip) also appears in envés of the leaves and in the chapters, and mainly it begins at the time of the harvest and mainly there is increase of temperature The problem is quite serious with Anomalous sp (capacho of brown color) that in its serious adult state causes damage in the apical part of the artichoke, since coverall this plague by its buccal pieces scrapes and consumes cogollo central of the main artichoke. Pulgones Numerous species of pulgones can be developed in the artichoke, of which most important they are: Green Pulgón of the leaves (Capitophorus horni). Black Pulgón of haba (Aphis fabae). Pulgón of the thistle (Brachycaudus cardui). Pulgón by the roots (Protrama radicis). Pulgón green of the leaves (Capitophorus horni) lives in the inferior face on the same ones, near the nerviaciones. One never is in the brácteas nor in the chapters and it does not cause deformations. Pulgón black of haba (Aphis fabae), however, is in the brácteas. It causes foliares deformations and their important colonies hide inside the chapters. Its presence at the moment of the harvesting considerably diminishes the sale of artichokes that in addition, are stained by the development of fumagina. Pulgón of the thistle (Brachycaudus cardui), whose color varies of the greenish yellow to the dark, is located, generally, in the inferior face of the leaves and in the base of the chapters. Pulgón by the roots (Protrama radicis) forms very important colonies of clear gray color in the roots of the artichoke, underneath the neck. 3.4.1.1. - Control The artichoke is a plant that cannot assimilate easily insecticides well due not only to the vellosidad of leaves but t a.m. of its density and of the absence of flat surfaces. In addition two species to pulgones (A. fabae, C. horni) hide in you fold them of the limb throughout the main nerve reason why they are very difficult to attack. For that reason systematic insecticides are recommended. The recommended active matters are:

  3.4.2 Diseases Mildiu (lactucoe=Peronospora Bremia gangliformis) This mildiu appears in form of polvillo white harinoso that covers the inferior face of the leaves. It favors its development a a.m. either humid and tempering, appearing with the more frequency in southern climates or the cultures of beauty and forced you. The low temperatures stop their development. 3.4.2.1. - Control It is fought preventively by means of treatments with oxychloride of copper, mancozeb, catch, folpet, propineb, captafol, the sistémicos etc., as well as fungicidas and their combinations. Fat of the artichoke (Xanthomonas sp.) Causes the appearance of oily spots in the brácteas of the small heads. Usually it attacks as a result of a period of frosts followed of a time with high temperatures, which causes the loosening of epidermis of the brácteas, or after the incidence of summery storms, helped by other parasitic agents like some insects. Ash-grey Botrytis (podredumbre gray). It is caused by this fungus, whose attacks take place after to have produced a wound or of attacks of another pathogens Symptoms are spots of gray color forla pudrición by Botrytis (ash-grey Botrytis) is common during the rainy weather and prolonged periods of moderate temperatures and high humidities. The fungus usually invades the weave damaged by frosts, insects, or unsuitable handling. A fungoso development of color lead or coffee is developed in the affected parts of the plant. Million esporas are developed quickly and are scattered by the wind. The control of post-harvests of Botrytis requires appropriate handling, removal of infected heads. Before packing, and cooling adapted during the storage and it transports. Rizoctonia solan, it takes place injuries at level of the neck of plántula and later it enters level of the neck of plántula and later tam enters level of it established plants well mainly when it abuses the irrigations and coverall when there is a bad leveling. Fusarium sp, is a serious disease but of this culture, mainly of the country, from the transplant to in plants established, after a time, inclusively plants with chapters. The preventive handling constitutes in running the furrow of quite fast irrigation to avoid forts levels of humidity at level of the neck of the plant. T a.m. well a bad leveling and zones of encoche, affect the culture.

3.5.- VALOR NUTRICIONAL

  

Valor nutricional de la alcachofa en 100 g de producto comestible
Proteínas (g)	2.59
Glúcidos (g)	6.72
Vitamina A (U.I.)	270
Calcio (mg)	50
Fósforo (mg)	90
Hierro (mg)	0.5
Calorías (cal)	38

      

4.- PRODUCCION NACIONAL Y REGIONAL

4.1.- PRODUCCIÓN NACIONAL 1996 – 2004 (TM)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The national production of artichoke comes growing to exponential rate, like the exports, and mainly explained by the increase in production of the Regions the freedom, Junín, Ica and Ancash; what it is causing as well that our country is taking terrain within the world-wide statistics of artichoke production; because on the one hand we come growing in production year after year and from exceptional way, and by another one, the main world-wide producers as Italy and Spain come reducing its levels from production (thousands Italy happened of 490 METRIC TON during 1990 to 400 thousands METRIC TON during year 2004; and thousands Spain of 430 METRIC TON during 1990 to 253 thousands METRIC TON during year 2004), allowing as well to a smaller presence in the world-wide markets and the entrance of new countries like Peru to these markets, with a presence that is increased year after year. We must specially insist on which our production of artichokes throughout occurs the year, but during the months in which production of the main world-wide producers does not exist, allowing this way that we take advantage of the commercial window that offers the world-wide market to us. 4.2. - REGIONAL PRODUCTION: 4.2.1.1. - MAIN PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS 4.2.1.1 .2SUPERFICIE HARVESTED (1996 - 2004)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The harvested surface of the culture of artichoke in our country, comes during the past few years growing in substantial form (mainly in the Regions of greater production like the Freedom, Ancash, Ica and Junín), as answer to the demand of this culture on the part of the exporting agro-industrial companies and of the main international markets of consumption of this vegetable. Also, the projection of growth of the harvested surface of this culture is positive, every time every year greater number of agriculturists and exporting companies, come betting by the culture from the artichoke and its processing, due to the great competitive advantages that we have on the main world-wide producers in the North hemisphere. 4.3. - YIELD AVERAGE (1996 - 2004)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Our yields average in METRIC TON by Have. (TM/Ha), they are very over the yields average of the main world-wide producing countries (specially the Mediterranean ones). Therefore, in the coast, they obtain yields average (with use of high technology) of 18 TM/Ha; and in the mountain range yields average (with intermediate technology) of the order of the 12 to 15 TM/Ha. Therefore, our yields average are similar to obtained by the producers of the U.S.A. (15,71 TM/Ha), and the something inferior to the averages of Egypt (18,57 TM/Ha); but also superior to the yields average of France (5,71 TM/Ha), Chile (7,73 TM/Ha), Italy (8,00 TM/Ha), and Spain (13,75 TM/Ha). Previously indicated; next to the low production costs by It has. with respect to the main world-wide producers (that face a high cost of manual labor), it allows to determine as well a low production cost us by METRIC TON, with respect to such countries (while in Peru an approximated cost of US$ 267 by METRIC TON is obtained, in Chile US$ 375 by METRIC TON, and in Spain US$ 500 by METRIC TON is obtained). 5. - PRICES OF SMALL FARM BY KG. 5.1. - PRICE OF SMALL FARM OF ARTICHOKE 1996 - 2004 (S/.x kg)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Our prices of small farm maintain a behavior relatively stable, because although it is certain that the maximum price of small farm of the last years was reached, during the year 1999 (s. 1.48 xs kg); also it is certain that this it has maintained a greater stability between last the 4 years, where fluctuated between s. 1.27 during the 2001, until arriving at s. 1.15 during year 2004. For the case of artichoke without thorns for processing (demanded by the exporting companies); it must be indicated that they are these companies those that fix the price and they generally fix it per year. At the moment, the price of the artichoke of first fluctuates between US$ 0,30 to US$ 0,35 by kg. 6 - EXPORT OF THE ARTICHOKE 61. - EXPORTS 1996 - 2004

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The artichoke is at the moment the eighth product in importance in our basket of agroexportaciones, because to year 2004 it has a participation in the same one of the order of 2% (with a volume of exports of US$ 21 ' 993.536), when year 2000 it represented only the 0,1% (determining a rate of growth within the basket of products of agroexportación of the order of 128%). For present year 2005 one projects a volume of exports superior to the US$ 40 million, and with a tendency of continuous growth during the next years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Our exports in artichoke basically are represented in sub. national game 2005.90.10.00 Artichokes (alcauciles) prepared or conserved (except in vinegar); through that year 2004 we almost exported by a value of US$ 22 million. The main markets of destiny of this type of export product, are explained in the following picture:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

It is necessary to indicate that our country comes turning an important supplier from the greater world-wide importers of this product; then during the 2004, we participated with 8,86% of exports within market of the U.S.A. (that represented year 2003, 56% of the world-wide imports), and with 6,53% in the market of the European Union (that represented he himself 2003, 39% of total the world-wide imports). The every time greater presence of our country in these important world-wide markets, has allowed to move to Spain and to increase our presence in both markets (In the market of the European Union, we have happened to represent the 0,03% during year 1999, to represent the 6,53% during year 2003). 7. - SOURCES: Arabic to English BETA Chinese (Simplified) to English BETA English to Arabic BETA English to Chinese (Simplified) BETA English to French English to German English to Italian English to Japanese BETA English to Korean BETA English to Portuguese English to Russian BETA English to Spanish French to English French to German German to English German to French Italian to English Japanese to English BETA Korean to English BETA Portuguese to English Russian to English BETA Spanish to English

http://www.infoagro.com/hortalizas/alcachofa.htm

Toda la Agricultura en Internet

http://riie.com.pe/

Red Interactiva de Estudiantes

http://www.agroica.gob.pe/alcachofa.shtml

Portal Agrario Regional Ica-Perú

http://www.minag.gob.pe/dgpa1/

Ministerio de Agricultura-MINAG

Datos Estadísticos de 1996-2004